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cow's milk
Complications:
- milk consumption > 2 glasses/day associated with increased mortality [2] (RR=1.94 for women, RR=1.10 for men)
- milk consumption not associated with increased risk of mortality [4]
- milk consumption not associated with cardiovascular risk [4]
- milk consumption > 2 glasses/day also associated with increased risk for any fracture & hip fracture in women [2]
- milk consumption associated with increased risk for prostate cancer. especially aggressive or fatal forms [4]
Notes:
- raw or unpasteurized milk or milk products not recommended for children or pregnant women [1]
- outbreaks of foodborne illness linked to unpasteurized milk [3]
- Campylobacter most commonly implicated
Comparative biology:
- D-galactose, found in milk, induces oxidative stress damage & chronic inflammation in animals [2]
Related
cow's milk hypersensitivity (CMH); cow's milk allergy
General
dairy
beverage
milk
References
- Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Nutrition
Consumption of Raw or Unpasteurized Milk and Milk Products
by Pregnant Women and Children.
Pediatrics. Dec 16, 2013
PMID: 24344105
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/12/10/peds.2013-3502.full.pdf+html
- Michaelsson K et al
Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and
men: cohort studies
BMJ 2014;349:g6015
PMID: 25352269
http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6015
- Schooling CM
Milk and mortality.
BMJ 2014;349:g6205
PMID: 25352270
http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6205
- Mungai EA et al
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Increased Outbreaks Associated with Nonpasteurized Milk,
United States, 2007-2012
Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21(1) January 2015
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/1/14-0447_article
- Willett WC, Ludwig DS.
Milk and Health.
N Engl J Med 2020; 382:644-654. Feb 13
PMID: 32053300
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1903547